Online e - Learning

1. Training the Technician - Clinical Laboratory      (Moderator status - Offline)


Well Trained Technicians      (Moderator status - Offline)
In laboratory accreditation, employment of trained technicians is an important prerequisite


Specimen collection      (Moderator status - Offline)
The Phlebotomist (the technician who collects blood) should be trained under the following considerations


Basic steps for drawing a blood specimen      (Moderator status - Offline)
Basic steps for drawing a blood specimen

2. clinical bacteriology laboratory      (Moderator status - Offline)


SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY      (Moderator status - Offline)
The microbiology laboratory is a biological hazardous area for the technicians and other workers.


Safe Code of Practice for a Microbiology Laboratory      (Moderator status - Offline)
There are some safety code of practice for a microbiological laboratory.


Sterilization and Disinfection      (Moderator status - Offline)
To a microbiologist sterility means killing or removal, of all living cells, whether they be plant, animal or microbes including their spores.


Additional Requirements      (Moderator status - Offline)
These are usually made of nichrome wire be cause it is less expensive than platinum wire, it is not too rigid and it cools quickly.


Autoclave, Inspissator, and candle jar and safety cabinets      (Moderator status - Offline)
An autoclave is used to sterilize various requirements in the laboratory by wet sterilization method.


The compound microscope: (Micro: small, scope: to view)      (Moderator status - Offline)
A microscope is used to produce an enlarged and well defined images of objects too small to be ob served with the naked eyes.


Other Useful Types of Microscopy      (Moderator status - Offline)
In addition to ordinary light microscopy there are some other useful types of microscopes.


Use of low and high power objectives of a microscope      (Moderator status - Offline)
The requirements and procedure for the use of low and high power objectives of microscope are:


Use of oil immersion lens      (Moderator status - Offline)
This is about oil immerion lens.


Sterilization in the Autoclave      (Moderator status - Offline)
This is about the sterilization in the Autoclave.

3. ACID - BASE BALANCE      (Moderator status - Offline)
It is estimated that in 24 hours the lungs remove equivalent of 20-40 liters of IN acid as carbonic acid from the circulated venous blood, with the help of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water.

4. Routine urine Examination      (Moderator status - Offline)
With the progress of medical science, thorough interpretation of urine examination is possible. For example, the exact cause of turbid or cloudy urine can be revealed by microscopic examination and quick chemical screening of urine for glucose and ke

The formation of urine      (Moderator status - Offline)
The composition of extracellular fluid should be maintained relatively constant to maintain the normal function of the cells. The internal environment is regulated mainly by lungs and kidneys.


Composition of normal urine      (Moderator status - Offline)
The composition of normal urine is given here.


Laboratory Tests      (Moderator status - Offline)
The concentration of urine varies throughout 24 hour period, it depends on water intake of a person and partly on his activities. A random urine specimen collected during the day time may be diluted and may not be suitable for detection of certain su


Physical Examination of urine      (Moderator status - Offline)
The color of normal urine may vary from pale yellow to. dark amber, depending on the concentration of the pigments urochrome mainly and also due to the presence of urobilin and uroerythrin


Chemical Examination of Urine      (Moderator status - Offline)
In the normal kidney only a small amount of low molecular weight protein is filtered at the glomerulus. Glomerular membrane prevents the passage of high molecular weight proteins such as albumin (mol wt 69,000) and gamma globulin (mol. wt 1,80,000).


Determination of Protein      (Moderator status - Offline)
The presence of protein may be the first sign of a serious problem. However, it is necessary to find out the related clinical condition, whether it is pre-renal, renal or post-renal.


Chemical Examination of Urine by using Multistix Reagent Strip      (Moderator status - Offline)
Multistix provides seven clinically significant findings from a urine specimen. (a) pH (b) protein (c) glucose (d) ketones (e) bilirubin (f) blood and (g) urobilinogen.


Microscopic Examination of Urine      (Moderator status - Offline)
The microscopic elements are present in urine (in suspension) are collected in the form of deposit by centrifugation.

5. Cardiac Profile Tests      (Moderator status - Offline)
Cardiac profile test results may be helpful in deciding certain risk factors, which may lead to the progression of CAD.

Ischemic Heart Disease      (Moderator status - Offline)
Although there is considerable evidence that coronary artery spasm without underlying atherosclerotic disease can produce signs of is chemic heart disease, the most common cause of is chemic heart disease is atherosclerosis.


Atherosclerosis      (Moderator status - Offline)
It is a progressive disease process that generally begins in childhood and clinical manifestations in middle to late adulthood.


Heart Diseases      (Moderator status - Offline)
Heart failure may involve either side of the heart. Since both sides of the heart pump in parallel, failure of one side usually results in the failure of other side.


Cardiac Profile Tests      (Moderator status - Offline)
These tests may be useful to find out the possibility of disturbed carbohydrate metabolism due to diabetes meliltus, as an atherogenic risk factor and also the possible existence of pre-renal condition.


Biochemical Cardiac Markers      (Moderator status - Offline)
Cardiac markers may play important role for diagnosis and to guide preventive therapy for myocardial infarction and ischemia.


Determination of Serum CK {CPK}      (Moderator status - Offline)
Elevated serum CPK activity is of diagnostic importance in myocardial infarction and in muscular dystrophy.


Determination of SGOT      (Moderator status - Offline)
This topic explains about the determination of SGOT.


Determination of LDH      (Moderator status - Offline)
This is about the determination of LDH.


Determination of á-HBDH (SHBD): á-hydroxy butyrate-dehydrogenase      (Moderator status - Offline)
This is about the determination of á-hydroxy butyrate-dehydrogenase.


Determination of CPK: NAC-Activated      (Moderator status - Offline)
This topic is all about the determintion of CPK.


Determination of Apolipoprotein A-I      (Moderator status - Offline)
The apo A-I in the serum is determined from a calibration curve obtained by using the first level calibrators set used to calibrate the analyzer.


Determination of Lipoprotein LP (A)      (Moderator status - Offline)
The presence of high Lp (a) levels in serum is a significant marker for an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Epidemiological studies have shown that people with normal serum cholesterol and a serum Lp (a) level over 30 mg/


Determination of Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)      (Moderator status - Offline)
Elevated levels of Apo B are frequently found in atherosclerotic vascular changes and indicate a risk factor for atherosclerosis.


Determination of Isoenzyme CK-MB      (Moderator status - Offline)
Although the blood levels of both CK-total and CK-MB usually increase markedly in myocardial infarction (MI only CK-MB elevation is highly specific for the diagnosis of MI.

6. Cancer and Tumor Markers      (Moderator status - Offline)
. The cells differentiate, divide and die in a sequential manner in a healthy organ ism. The characteristic feature of cancer is loss of control of cellular growth and further development leading to excessive proliferation and spread of cells.

The Carcinogens      (Moderator status - Offline)
This is about the causes of cancers.


Oncogenes      (Moderator status - Offline)
The genes capable of causing cancer are known as oncogenes.


Characteristics of Growing Tumor Cells      (Moderator status - Offline)
Characteristics of Growing Tumor Cells


Tumor Markers      (Moderator status - Offline)
Tumor markers are most useful in evaluating the progression with osteoblastic lesions such as in prostatic cancer with bone metastasis.


Determination of Alphafetoprotein (AFP)      (Moderator status - Offline)
Determination of AFP.


Determinations of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)      (Moderator status - Offline)
Determinations of PSA

7. Collection, Transport and Examination of Specimen      (Moderator status - Offline)
Collection, Transport and Examination of Specimen - Introduction

Processing of important specimen in the laboratory      (Moderator status - Offline)
Processing of important specimen in the laboratory


Examination of ear discharge      (Moderator status - Offline)
A specimen of ear discharge should be collected by a medical officer, experienced technician and nurse.


Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test      (Moderator status - Offline)
Antimicrobial sensitivity test is mainly necessary if usually effective agents fail to produce the desired effects.


Determination of Antibacterial Sensitivity by Kirby-Bauer Method      (Moderator status - Offline)
Determination of Antibacterial Sensitivity by Kirby-Bauer Method